Data sources

Data were drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). ELSA is a nationally representative cohort study of the English population aged ≥50 years. Data collection began in 2002/03 with follow-up every two years thereafter. SHARE is a nationally representative cohort study of residents aged ≥50 years in 28 European countries and Israel, with follow-up in 2004/05, 2006/07, 2010/11, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019/20. These cohorts have a similar survey design and implementation to facilitate…